Emotions & the monster Essay

Acceptance is very important in society, and the same perceptions apply just as much today as they did in the 1800’s. It is part of human nature to make instant judgments, and to form first impressions of a person before you know what they are really like, and this is what happened to Frankenstein’s monster in this book. Although it is almost impossible to avoid making these snap decisions, they can almost always be changed later on, and put right once you get to know the person. Everyone wants to be accepted for who they are, regardless of appearances or stature, however this is not always the case. This can be related to the treatment the monster receives upon meeting other people. He is not â€Å"the norm†, and is undoubtedly ugly to look at, but that does not make him a bad person. Shelley manages to show this in such a way that the reader feels sorry for the monster, but we can see that it is something that is unlikely to change, as it is a normal part of society and human nature. Shelley shows her disgust at this harsh treatment through the monster’s feelings, which are shared with Victor later on in the book, and it is as if the author is pouring out her emotions, rather than the monster’s. The hideous figure, the disfigured stature of this monster is the first thing noticed by Victor Frankenstein. â€Å"His yellow skin scarcely covered the work of muscles. † This reference to the monster’s yellow skin depicts the same behaviour conducted in modern day racism. The colour of one’s skin does not dictate the intelligence, attitude and personality of a person. Regardless of the yellow skin of the monster, which would repulse and overwhelm most people, there is no need to carry over that emotion to judge the monster’s intellectual side. The mind and body are two very different things; human beings have yet to distinguish that fact. Mary Shelley clearly feels very strongly about this unfair prejudice in place in society, and has tried (very successfully) to show her readers just how unjust it really is. However, until people actually do something about it, it is just a part of society which we will probably never be entirely without. We may feel that it is wrong, but it will always be there, and it is something people have learnt to deal with in society. The novel, â€Å"Frankenstein†, actually reflects quite badly on the society in which Mary Shelley lived. It suggests that this type of behaviour was carrying on back then towards â€Å"different† people and was accepted as part of every day life. Humans have always and will continue to be scared of the unknown. Some might say that what you don’t know about can’t hurt you, but there is a sense of mystery and darkness behind unidentified things. This fear is ever increasing alongside the amount of horror films and novels, by which the general public is heavily influenced – maybe sometimes too heavily. The public has always been influenced by the media, which is created by society, and with an increasing amount of stories and films out with the intention of scaring the audience, people are getting more and more prejudiced towards the unknown. Luckily this is counteracted by an increasing knowledge of other cultures and races, but Shelley lived in a society where people were still very ignorant about other people, and automatically assumed the worst. Although it is not shown outright, in â€Å"Frankenstein†, the monster actually experiences this fear as well as the villagers when he comes into their town. Their fears were of the same thing – the unfamiliar; however their reactions were completely different. Some villagers threw rocks, and were trying to drive the monster away as if it was a worthless piece of society; others simply ran away in shock, screaming and scared. This is not justified by anything except his demeanor. The monster, on the other hand, did not reply in a violent manner at all, he just tried to hide from all people from then on. This just goes to show how much people are affected by small things in their life. One incident such as this could ruin an entire life, and the villagers did not realise just how selfish they were being. They did not think about his feelings, and left him to support himself, poor and defenseless. The public do not realise how much little things they may pass off as unimportant affect others, and in this case, society ruined the monster’s life. From that moment and for the rest of his existence, the monster knew not to interfere with human beings, for their nature was clearly different to his. The monster, like all human beings, wanted to be accepted for his intellectual abilities and personality, and both him and humans have it in their nature to be afraid of the unknown, yet the villagers had an unmistakable advantage over the monster – the monster was still innocent and nai ve, unsure of the world around him and ignorant of human nature. He was not accepted by anyone, purely because of his appearance. This fact is obvious as no one as yet had even had the chance to get to know the monster’s personality, not even the monster himself had had this opportunity, because he could not speak and did not know anything about society. Therefore human nature plays an incredibly important role in the novel, because without it the villagers would probably have accepted the monster, and he would never have turned out how he did.

Life Without Television

When my family’s only television set went to the repair shop the other day, my parents, my sister, and I thought we would have a terrible week. How could we get through the long evenings is such a quiet house? What would it be like without all the shows to keep us company? We soon realized, though, that living without television for a while was a stroke of good fortune, It became easy for each of us to enjoy some activities alone, to complete some postponed chores, and to spend rewarding time with each other and friends. First of all, with no television to compete for our time, we found plenty of hours for personal interests. We all read more that week than we had read during the six months before. We went to the library to get some books. Dad and mom picked out Old Yellow for us while we got Where the Red Fern Grows and Robinson Crusoe. Everyone enjoined them so much that by the end of the week almost all of us had read every book twice. We each enjoyed some hobbies we had ignored for ages. I went outside to work on my tree house with dad. Mom was knitting a scarf and my sister worked on her scrapbooking. In addition my sister and I both stopped procrastinating with our homework. For the first time in a long time we both had our homework done and ready to go the next day. Second, we did chores that had been hanging over our heads for too long. There were many jobs around the house that had needed attention for some time. My sister had piles of clothing all over the room that she finally took the time to clean up. Mom went and cleaned all the floors around the house Dad and I fixed some doors and my bedroom lock. We also had a chance to do some long-postponed shopping. We went to Wal-Mart and bought school supplies, shavers, shampoo, clothing and many other small items that we needed around the house. After we got home from shopping each of us also caught up with e-mail and did paperwork that was long overdue. Finally, and probably most important, we spent time with each other. Instead of just being in the same room together while we stared at a screen, we actually talked for many pleasant hours. We laughed long and hard as dad was telling some of his sweet childhood stories. We also talked a lot about school and everyday things. Moreover, for the first time in years, my family played some games together. For hours on end we played monopoly until everyone had at least won once. Then dad and I went to play some chess, while mom and my sister played some checkers, and because we didn’t have to worry about missing this or that show, we had some family friends over on a couple of evenings and spent an enjoyable time with them. Dad started up the fire pit and set up some lawn chairs, and we all sat around the fire playing musical instruments, roasting marshmallows, and telling jokes. Everyone seemed to have such a wonderful time on those evenings. Once our television returned, we were not prepared to put it in the attic. But we had a sense of how it can take over our lives if we are not careful. We are now more selective. We turn on the set for our favorite shows, certain sports events, and the news, but we don’t leave it running all evening. As a result, we find we can enjoy television and still have time left over for other activities and interest. Life Without Television When my family’s only television set went to the repair shop the other day, my parents, my sister, and I thought we would have a terrible week. How could we get through the long evenings is such a quiet house? What would it be like without all the shows to keep us company? We soon realized, though, that living without television for a while was a stroke of good fortune, It became easy for each of us to enjoy some activities alone, to complete some postponed chores, and to spend rewarding time with each other and friends. First of all, with no television to compete for our time, we found plenty of hours for personal interests. We all read more that week than we had read during the six months before. We went to the library to get some books. Dad and mom picked out Old Yellow for us while we got Where the Red Fern Grows and Robinson Crusoe. Everyone enjoined them so much that by the end of the week almost all of us had read every book twice. We each enjoyed some hobbies we had ignored for ages. I went outside to work on my tree house with dad. Mom was knitting a scarf and my sister worked on her scrapbooking. In addition my sister and I both stopped procrastinating with our homework. For the first time in a long time we both had our homework done and ready to go the next day. Second, we did chores that had been hanging over our heads for too long. There were many jobs around the house that had needed attention for some time. My sister had piles of clothing all over the room that she finally took the time to clean up. Mom went and cleaned all the floors around the house Dad and I fixed some doors and my bedroom lock. We also had a chance to do some long-postponed shopping. We went to Wal-Mart and bought school supplies, shavers, shampoo, clothing and many other small items that we needed around the house. After we got home from shopping each of us also caught up with e-mail and did paperwork that was long overdue. Finally, and probably most important, we spent time with each other. Instead of just being in the same room together while we stared at a screen, we actually talked for many pleasant hours. We laughed long and hard as dad was telling some of his sweet childhood stories. We also talked a lot about school and everyday things. Moreover, for the first time in years, my family played some games together. For hours on end we played monopoly until everyone had at least won once. Then dad and I went to play some chess, while mom and my sister played some checkers, and because we didn’t have to worry about missing this or that show, we had some family friends over on a couple of evenings and spent an enjoyable time with them. Dad started up the fire pit and set up some lawn chairs, and we all sat around the fire playing musical instruments, roasting marshmallows, and telling jokes. Everyone seemed to have such a wonderful time on those evenings. Once our television returned, we were not prepared to put it in the attic. But we had a sense of how it can take over our lives if we are not careful. We are now more selective. We turn on the set for our favorite shows, certain sports events, and the news, but we don’t leave it running all evening. As a result, we find we can enjoy television and still have time left over for other activities and interest.

Review of Related Literatures and Studies Essay

Local Studies: One of the past local studies that is relevant to our research was made way back 2009. I think it has something to help in our current issues about our researches.   On December 5, 2009, Mapua Institute of Technology finalized their research named â€Å"The effects of Computer Addiction to the Academic Performances of Mapua Institute of Technology First year Students†. It seems like familiar or should I say Same Title but in our research we include Computer Games Addiction and also its effect on academic performance on selected freshmen CCIS students. This research was made by 4 Mapua Students. In their research, they interviewed 16 first year students about study habits and computer addiction. As the survey results, 11 participants were classified computer addicts. The results of that survey back 2009 showed that computer addicts spends more time playing computer than studying. Their research also concluded that computer addiction have lead students to have a declining grade on their academic performances of first year students in the said University. With the help of this past research, we can make our research stronger and more useful. It will give us more information and ideas that are related to what are the goals we want to achieve. Philline Kate Vera C. Palaà ±a, Juan Paolo D. Rabacio,Marjorie Maralit, Nidia P.D.C. Andrade. â€Å"The-Effects-of-Computer-Addiction-to-the-Academic-Performances-of-Mapua-Institute-of-Technology-First-Year-Students.† 5 December 2009. http://www.scribd.com. . Local Literature: â€Å"Video games will ruin your children’s future†- Cesar Tolentino, a Market Research Analyst and Consultant here in the Philippines. In his blog/ article on http://www.gdap.org.ph, where the title of his featured blog is â€Å"Turning the tide: Changing the Filipino Outlook Towards Gaming†. He stated there that â€Å"there are cases of overuse and abuse among gamers for online games in the country, we should advocate responsible gaming†. In this case, many students failed in their academic performance because of too much playing or becoming addict in computer games. He stated also, † It’s all a matter of mind conditioning. Often those who became so addicted to games and suffered low grades or failures in school also have family problems. Responsible gamers know their priorities. There are actually many valedictorians and dean’s listers who play video and computer games too.† I think this will help us in finding the reason why many students keep playing computer games at all. Tolentino, Cesar. â€Å"features/turning-the-tide-changing-the-filipino-outlook-towards-gaming/.† 6 July 2011. http://www.gdap.org.ph. .

The Sumerian civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

The Sumerian civilization - Essay Example 42-4). The existing forms of writing were not sufficient enough to be of much use to the Sumerian civilization in its advanced methods of calculation and of setting down thoughts. There were not enough symbols, pictures or word forms in the original modes of communication. Especially, writing was found to be a hindrance when the civilization advanced to the point of sending out trade expeditions to other lands. All of these factors encouraged an advanced form of writing to be developed in the Sumerian Civilization-one in which they could keep official records (McClellan 2006, p. 66-71). Although the systems of the civilization were developing rapidly, there were not many Sumerians who had the ability to read and write. To overcome this problem, the people would hire the services of scribes who would read and write on their behalf. The main use of the written documents was the implementation of the legal system which first established and then further developed laws. The ruling King would make rules that could be consistently implemented throughout the region, as scribes would place their tablets throughout the city and the rules then could be uniformly applied (Sherman & Slaisbury 2008, p. 97-9). This process represented a major step forward. The uses of writings developed beyond just alphabets as people used them to make scaled drawings of inventions, and also used the tablets to record and get the inventions named after them. For example, the first wheeled cart was developed as a drawing on one of the specific tablets. As time progressed, writing found its use in the form of record keeping, news developments, and many other written records put on Cuneiform tablets. The writings were enhanced- to be used, as codes of law and systems of practice, for the lower administrators as well as the general public (Avery 2003, p. 112-7). 2. What were the main political changes that took place in Greek society in the period 700 - 489 B.C. What were some of the causes of these changes In the early seventh century, Greece operated on the legal code of Draco, which attempted to meet the needs that had developed from the dissatisfaction of the lower class due to the controlling power and the rule of the upper class. This conflict in interests resulted in a written code of governance for the lower class, which had become aggravated as the upper class had grown to make themselves forceful rulers of their regions-as when Cylon, for example, had seized the Acropolis (Sherman & Dennis 2008, p. 59-62). This act was the basis of revolt in the 620 B.C by the lower class, and many of the leaders of the upper class were challenged. As the laws were perceived, by the lower class, to be tailored and invented overnight by the upper class, the lower class demanded to have the rules and policies be uniformly set down in written form, in the hope that they would be equally applied to all. In the same era, a judicial system based on appointed judges also came into existence, to be responsible for administering the laws irrespective of class. Courts were established so as to ensure the proper implementation of the laws and a system evolved to establish the political

Concert Attendance Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Concert Attendance Report - Assignment Example There were also some brass, trumpets and horns. Additionally, there was a solo violist who had high level professional performing abilities. Such full symphonic orchestra included the four music families which were the strings, Brass, woodwinds, and percussion instruments. The performance setting was in an auditorium and the conductor including other performers were dressed in formal outfit, considered mostly to be black and white suites and dresses. Style of the music music performed was led gracefully with dulcet andantes and fierce prestos. A violin with a very light and brilliant quality of sound was used, the sound created images of the ethereal realm within audience minds. The violinist had a very bright and lighthearted personality, the very characteristic of a violin which revealed their interest. Instrumentation of the Ochestra The musicians were divided into four main sections which included; string section, the woodwind section, the brass section, and the percussion sectio n. Each section had their own instruments, in the string section, woodwind, brass section were pitched in different ranges such as voices in a choir. Various instruments in each section were arranged in order from those with highest range to lowest. Some percussion instruments were also tuned to definite pitches, but most of them had indefinite pitch. Sitting Arrangement Usually first meeting with strangers does not always involve openness to each other, which is a different case to those we are familiar with. Occasions of openness to one another is often preceded by getting deeper information concerning the other party, which can be through social settings. Such encounter reveals both acceptable and unacceptable information about oneself which determines kind of relationship developed. Research done on musical instruments and ways of improving the existing policies in concerts discovered that the national policy recognizes the current settings infrastructure as poor and in need of improvement. The last five years have been characterized by rapid advancements in ICT and this call for research to assess the extent to which modern instruments are now used. The study also assessed the relationship between flexible work practices and organizational performances in a survey of sitting arrangement. The findings call for reinforcement on the relationship between various dimensions of flexible work practices and organizational performance. The recommendations which can be utilized here indicate a knowledge gap on the extent to which the modern technology is used. This lays a basis for such a study since none of the major studies carried out reveals much on the use of internet advertising through smart phones in third world countries. This study therefore seeks to fill the knowledge gap and look at the in-depth analysis of the role the phone industry plays through the internet in advertising and how effective it is especially in the rapidly growing telecommunications i ndustry that is experiencing tension in pricing mechanisms and the recent number portability wars among the players. There are several contributors involved in the practice of Corporate Social Responsibility within business environment. Business corporations play major roles within the society and these calls for new leadership roles and tactics which

What are three reasons for segmentation Which segmentation approach is Essay

What are three reasons for segmentation Which segmentation approach is the best and why - Essay Example The most likely cause for geographical segmentation is that the product appeals to a certain geographical area. If a business is selling snow boots then they would market an area where there is heavy snow fall.The most likely cause for demographical segmentation is that the product appeals to the personal characteristics of the customers such as age, gender, race, income, life stage, occupation, and education level. A clothing company might produce clothing that appeals to teenagers.The most likely cause for Psychographic segmentation is the personality traits, attitudes, interests, or lifestyles of potential customer groups. A company might develop an environmentally friendly product aimed at the more environmentally focussed consumer.It is difficult to define the best segmentation approach since it is dependent on the client group and their specific needs. If the product appeals to a particular lifestyle need; a piece of exercise equipment for example, then lifestyle segmentation w ould be ideal. Deciding the best segmentation method can be difficult, but it depends on the particular benefit for that business objective.If the business objective is a new product development it is essential to understand how customers group together according to their particular needs. The outcome of this would influence the best segmentation approach. Mishkin, F. & Eakins, S. (2009)You are the deacon of a small non-denominational church. Your minister has just left, and your congregation is down by over 11% in the past year. You have just received news that an electronics firm plans to relocate 500 families to your town. You are tasked with making a plan for increasing church membership since you are a marketing manager. Describe your plan. As the deacon of a small non - denominational Church. I have been asked to write a marketing plan to increase Church membership. Following is the summary of the main points of this marketing plan. The Church will change its focus to differentiate itself from Churches in the area and improve membership by filling the need of the electronics firm employee's and families. Our marketing challenge is to position our Church to reach the new families and cater to their interests and needs. As a Church we would teach the word of God by offering electronic courses sharing the word of the Gospel and giving tracts to those attending. The Church serves its members as a trusted friend, providing for their needs and the needs of their families. We ensure our members have what they need to function spiritually and to increase their well being. It is the Churches duty to ensure the interests of the members are met and therefore surveys will be sent to each potential member to discover their interests, age, gender, ethnicity, and potential needs. Letters will be sent out to let people know that the Church is here should they need us. We also need to concentrate on developing a clear vision for the future of the Church. The objectives of the Church are to increase membership this is likely to result in increased Church profits. In these circumstances the Church would be able to carry out more outreach projects. The consequence of this is that we would have to develop a strategy for exploring the potential user needs of our new members. The most appropriate solution would be to create a new vision with detailed actions that need to be fulfilled. Essentially a clear, workable action plan needs to be formulated to give clear roles and responsibilities of participants involved with creating the Churches new vision. Therefore a list of expectations needs to be created to give the Leadership Team a way of measuring the success and progress of the project. If the Church is successful in gaining new members there

Linguistics Discourse Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Linguistics Discourse Analysis - Essay Example The following pages are an analysis of note-taking as a genre. The method used for the study is secondary literature analysis. The books for reference have been obtained from local libraries and online libraries. The text used for the analysis of the genre has been provided in the work. Lecture notes are an important part of education. It is not always possible to obtain printed or written notes in the class room. Also, a lecture shall comprise of many pertinent points on the topic taken. It would be fine if the student is able to write it all down very soon, even if it is impossible most of the time and recording the lecture cannot be done always. Therefore, all that can be done is to break down the points and reproduce them in an understandable way on the paper. The systematic method of breaking the lecture into points and writing them down as codes which shall be decoded on the process of reproduction of the text or learning is called lecture notes. Lecture notes are a very important part of education. There are even examples of lecture notes which were assembled to form great books. The father of modern linguistics, Ferdinand De Saussure's notes was published as the book 'Course De Generale Linguistics' which is a great work in the study of linguistics. The art of lecture note making is seriously based on structure and it differs from person to person. This is because the arrangement of ideas about the same matter differs with different people's stream of ideas. Preparation of a nearly ideal lecture note Preparation of ideal lecture notes is quite difficult, although a lecture note can be close to ideal. There are a few steps that can be followed by students to make good lecture notes. 1) "Have the ideas about the previous lecture revised in the mind and be ready for the new lecture. 2) The student must have the necessary articles including pencil, eraser, ruler and whatever other things necessary with him/her before the lecture begin. 3) Once the lecture begins, he/she must take care not to leave out any points. That doesn't mean that the whole lecture is to be transcribed. They must be noted down as short notes emphasizing on the important aspects of the topic. 4) Standard abbreviations shall be used wherever necessary and above personal short forms which may become non-understandable after a while. 5) Copy what is written on the whiteboard and take care to omit unwanted articles, prepositions and the like. Filter and copy whatever is necessary. 6) Give special attention to points not given in the text book. 7) If there is a summary of the lecture at the end of the class, use it to cross check if some point is left out. 8) Re-read the lecture notes after the lecture or at least within twenty four hours. This would help the lecture to stay longer within the brain." (http://www.wikihow.com/Take-Lecture-Notes) The work presented here is an analysis of the genre of lecture notes taking by the analysis of the three texts shown below. It is localized to the teaching of English and respective note taking. Attached below are the three texts being analyzed

Policing in a Democratic Society Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Policing in a Democratic Society - Assignment Example Finally, the essay will explore some ideas for eradication of the weaknesses encountered in the police structure. Following a rising rate of crime and threats to national and international security, the role of the police has been repeatedly questioned by the public. This questioning of the role played by the police is quite natural. This is because the police structure is supposed to protect the public. This is the entire social purpose of this structure. Usually, it is thought that the principle or objective of the police structure is criminal law enforcement. But, it is forgotten that most of the duties are related to order maintenance (Walker & Katz, 2012, p. 4). This is why both good protection of public interests and enforcement of law should translate into a dwindling rate of crime and threats. But, the real situation is opposite which is largely due to the fact that power is often not exercised in accordance with democratic principles. More attention is focused on reinforcing the crime-fighter image than maintaining order in society. The police do so to create this impression on the pub lic that â€Å"they, and they alone, could control† (Walker & Katz, 2012, p. 7). One of the most important principles of democratic policing is to use the authority delegated to the police by the state in the best interests of common people. When power is used by the capitalist class to control the working class or to monopolize their resources, democracy is threatened. Any problem brought to the police by a common person should be valued and addressed just as much as a problem brought by a person in high position. Unfortunately, this does not happen actually which is a great weakness of the police structure. More importance is attached to influential people by the police than to common people who lack resources. Also, more people with disadvantaged socioeconomic backgrounds are put

Verizon Is Creating a Culture that Focuses on Shareholder Value Case Study

Verizon Is Creating a Culture that Focuses on Shareholder Value - Case Study Example The number of subject matter experts significantly increased by involving L & D organizations in each business unit. As the workforce is skilled through effective training, they can collaborate and communicate for attaining common business goals. There is consensus and commonality of goals and values in each strategic business units attained through training initiatives. Besides, Verizon leadership development program recruits best talents from colleges, and are given 24 month customized leadership curriculum which can result in high performance and operational effectiveness. 2. According to Kreitner, organizational culture includes three layers like observable artifacts, espoused values, and basic assumptions; and, culture change is possible only if the management targets on any one of these basic aspects (p. na). In Verizon, the CEO Lowell Mc Adam desired to move towards adhocracy and market culture. Adhocracy culture in Verizon could be identified from dynamic, entrepreneurial and creative work place which is adaptable to new technologies. For example, prior to the rolling out of new technology 4G LTE network, a training of 60000 plus hours was given to Sales and service reps (Case Study, 258). For measuring the effectiveness of training, a pre training snapshot of success is defined with the help of key stakeholders and business partners, and this pre-training snapshot is compared with post training snapshot. Through the adhocracy culture, when new innovations are introduced, workforce becomes adaptable and creative to new changes. The move towards market culture could be identified from the result oriented work place in Verizon and focus in increasing share value. One of the prime goals of Verizon is to lead in shareholder value, and this is implemented through Leading Shareholder Value education program (LSV) which is led by CEO and CFO of Verizon. In this program, senior leaders are placed in cross business units and teams, and they should

Finance (Analysis) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Finance (Analysis) - Essay Example However using discounted payback period, the company would be able to recover its initial outflow of the project in 3.47 years. The discounted payback period gives more accurate picture of the project feasibility because it takes present value of the future cash inflows (Trahan, and Gitman, 1995). Considering the investment required, the project should be accepted using the payback period technique. Net Present Value The Net present value of the project is $71,467,984. The value shows the difference between the initial outflow and present value of future cash inflow (Shapiro, 1978). Therefore, the management should undertake the project as the NPV is positive and very high so the project would increase the profitability of the company. Internal Rate of Return Internal Rate of Return of the project is calculated as 25%. This is the rate at which the net present value of all future inflows would be equal to the initial outflow of the project. It means the project is beneficial for the company because IRR is greater than the cost of capital which is 10% and therefore the project should be accepted. ... Modified Internal Rate of Return The MIRR gives more accurate and realistic picture of the cost and profitability of the project because this technique assumes that the positive cash flows will be reinvested at cost of capital i.e. 10% in this case. The MIRR of the project is 18% which is also greater than the cost of capital. Thus, the project should be accepted. Recommendation The company should accept the project because all the project appraisal and capital budgeting techniques used to evaluate the feasibility of the project are showing positive results and therefore the project should be accepted. If company undertakes the project, it would be able to recover its initial investment in 3.47 years (inflation adjusted) which is beneficial for the company. After 3.47 years the project will give additional future cash inflows till the end of the project. NPV of the project is also favorable and is showing the healthy earning for the company. IRR and MIRR of the project are greater th an the cost of the capital and indicating positive sign for the company to undertake the project. Profitability index of the Project is greater than 1 hence also supporting the project. Thus, the project should be accepted. MODEL DESIGN REPORT The model is prepared in Excel and it has been divided into three sections which are input, calculation, and output. All the information has been included in the input section by the user. Using input, calculation has been done through formulas and commands. The calculated result is then produced in the form of output. INPUT The model allows the user to enter the information as input in the excel sheet. The input section has been divided into seven areas. The production part comprises of price of product, units of

Educational Policies of Nigeria and South Korea Essay Example for Free

Educational Policies of Nigeria and South Korea Essay Education has been the corner stone of the success of every economy. In terms of those countries which have been colonized and have adopted a government that was highly repressive in nature, one could significantly argue that such would post an effect to how education was being delivered, the degree of excellence of the aforementioned, the demands of the market and the availability of jobs, and finally its effects to the economy. This paper focuses on the educational history and policies of Nigeria and South Korea in relation to the British military government of the Nigerians and the Japanese occupation and the American military government of the South Koreans. These policies and norms are then significantly related to their employment systems and its effect on their economy. The objectives of this essay are the following: 1. To establish a brief account of the educational policies and norms of Nigeria and South Korean and significantly identify its relationship to the military government. 2. To significantly identify the effects of the educational policies and norms in relation to the availability of jobs to the citizens and consequently the continuous demands of the market for such jobs; and finally 3. To know the effects of educational excellence, jobs availability and demands to the sustainable development of an economy. Review of Related Literature Education and Military Government in Nigeria One of the major constitutional changes that happened to the government of Nigeria was in 1953, a few years after the World War II. Such a change took effect through the London Conference attended by both Nigerian and Colonial officials which places the country under the rule of a Governor General, having the aforementioned the leader of the three principle regions of the country. Such a change of the name of positions was a way for the British regime to increase the autonomous powers of the country thereby making education vested at the local level, which is in accordance with the aim of unifying the region (Patterson, 1955, p. 94). Education, other than representation and taxation was one of the autonomous areas of governance that is designated to the central government. As such it is with this respect that the government had ordered that the youth of Nigeria regardless of any region should be given sound and uniform standards of performance (p. 95). The objective of this educational policy is to have the youth fully prepared on their primary and secondary education so as to enable them to take higher education both inside and outside of the country. Within the new constitution, 34 subjects or areas of concern were given to the federal government to oversee. In addition with this, 14 subject areas were also created and delegated to the federal government to be administered to individual regions. Consequently, it has also been perceived that the successful implementation of these subjects could only happen if the individuals administering these areas were competent enough, hence resulting to the very high standards were implemented by the government in terms of employee recruitment (p. 5). Such a drive for the development of skills for the Nigerian youth resulted to the perceived shortness in terms of trained senior administrators and other technicians for various government and technical posts for the country. The federal government perceived that the shortage could only be remedied through higher education and long experience of the youth. At the end of 1953, it has been perceived that 5,000 senior service positions were available in which 3,300 of them were taken by overseas personnels or the expatriates. Only 800 positions are given to Nigerians, and there were still 900 positions more that were vacant (World Bank, 1955, p. 23). The drive of the British Government to improve the education in Nigeria resulted to the establishment of a program for development for African Territories under the British Crown. The program which was called the Colonial Development and Welfare Schemes was inaugurated in 1945 in which required the British Government to contribute 23,000,000 pounds sterling for ten years that would enable the country to develop and another loan of 26-500,000 pounds sterling that would be used to fund a number of projects including education and other research facilities (Patterson, 1955, p. 97). The result of such an effort on the end of the British Government paved the way for a consuming ambition among young Nigerians to be associated with the Government and take a number of white collar jobs (p. 8). Technical Education in Nigeria Technical education is placed as one of the major projects of the Ten-Year Plan for Development and Welfare for the post-war Nigeria. Institutions that would cater to technical skills, trade, and handicrafts were created after the Second World War. For instance, the Technical Institute of Yaba, the first center that was created outside Lagos offered three full-time and two part-time programs and special short courses. These skills were those relating to junior and senior technical and also teacher training. For a four-year education, the country had been offering instructions in wood working, drafting, sub-professional engineering, commerce and printing to those students who have completed eight years of primary education and have already passed a special entrance examination. The senior technical course offered by the institute focused on courses in electrical, mathematical and civil engineering, architectural assistance and economics. Consequently, there were also teacher-training programs which offer a two-year course to prepare teachers for handicraft centers and secondary school craft courses (World Bank, 1955, p. 582-583). On the other hand, the Trade Centers at Yaba aimed to produce skilled craftsmen by offering courses which range from two to five years. The students primarily learned on an apprenticeship basis after which they have already familiarized themselves with the tools of the trade and have learned to do simple tasks; consequently academic instructions were given to the students averages one day every week. After the students have already gained the skills that are necessary, they were contacted by the trade center to go to large cities in order to work. Part of the educational system was also the refusal to accept new students until a new class graduates. As such, the intake and output for some courses happened only once in every five years. For the first five years of the operation of the Yaba Centre, there were only 85 students who had graduated while 18 were dismissed and 13 of them resigned (p. 84). The Weakness of the Nigerian Education One major weaknesses of the Nigerian education was the inclination to have all areas of the Government to have properly staffed and well-trained individuals; as such resulting in having schools to have its own standards and specializations and independence from other educational efforts. Such an act resulted at times to the replication of jobs or over specialization on some skills, which were often criticized to prevent holistic development. It has been argued by some scholars that schools that were operated by the departments of governments had the inclination to emphasize subjects that were too technical up to the extent of neglecting certain subjects such as English, Mathematics and the Social Sciences. As such, some students after graduating from departmental schools normally look for jobs that they believed will be necessary for their employment rather than their abilities and interests (Patterson, 1955, p. 7-98). In effect of this, the inclination towards education had been something that was relative to that of available employment. Outside the market, it had been perceived that education had no value and in the long run, had stimulated little demand to the public. It is with this respect that competition among available jobs had been perceived to be very keen wherein the colonial Nigeria has clustered to commercial areas within the region (Davis and Kalu-Nwiwu, 2001, p. 1). It could also be significantly noted that education for women during the post-war Nigeria had also been problematic as although there were already several domestic science centers that were established, very few of them remained in actual operation. As such, the education of women had been lagging in the country. The education that was provided to women were those solely with regard to food preparation, sewing, cleaning, general sanitation and elementary skills in nursing (World Bank, 1955, p. 588).

PLTW Intro to Engineering Final Study Guide Essay Example for Free

PLTW Intro to Engineering Final Study Guide Essay Arbitration- The hearing and determination of a dispute or the settling of differences between parties by a person or persons chosen or agreed to by them. Asymmetry- Symmetry in which both halves of a composition are not identical. Also referred to as informal balance. Cabinet Pictorial- Oblique pictorial where depth is represented as half scale compared to the height and width scale. Cartesian Coordinate System- A rectangular coordinate system created by three mutually perpendicular coordinate axes, commonly labeled X, Y, and Z. Cavalier Pictorial- Oblique pictorial where height, width, and depth are represented at full scale. Center Line- A line which defines the center of arcs, circles, or symmetrical parts. Centroid- A 3D point defining the geometric center of a solid. Circumscribe- 1. A triangle located round a polygon such as a circle. 2 To draw a figure around another, touching it at points but not cutting it. Construction Line- lightly drawn lines to guide drawing other lines and shapes. Depth- The measurement associated with an object’s front-to-back dimension or extent of something from side to side. Dimension- A measurable extent, such as the three principal dimensions of an object is width, height, and depth. Ellipse- A regular oval shape, traced by a point moving in a plane so that the sum of its distances from two other points is constant, or resulting when a cone is cut by an oblique plane which does not intersect the base. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Ergonomics- the study of workplace equipment design or how to arrange and design devices, machines, or workspace so that people and things interact safely and most efficiently. Extension Line- Line which represents where a dimension starts and stops. Fillet- A curve formed at the interior intersection between two or more surfaces Freehand Sketching which is done manually without the aid of instruments such as rulers. Gestalt- The principle that maintains that the human eye sees objects in their entirety before perceiving their individual parts. Grid- A network of lines that cross each other to form a series of squares or rectangles. Hidden Line- A line type that represents an edge that is not directly visible. International Organization for Standardization (IOS) Isometric Sketch- A form of pictorial sketch in which all three drawing axes form equal angles of 120 degrees with the plane of projection. Leader Line- Line which indicates dimensions of arcs, circles and detail Least Material Condition (LMC) Line Conventions- Standardization of lines used on technical drawings by line weight and style. Line Weight- Also called line width. The thickness of a line, characterized as thick or thin Long Break Line- A line which indicates that a very long objects with uniform detail is drawn foreshortened. Mediation- The act or process of using an intermediary to effect an agreement or reconciliation Meniscus- The curved upper surface of a liquid column that is concave when the containing walls are wetted by the liquid and convex when not. Norms- Principles of right action, binding upon the members of a group and serving to guide, control, or regulate proper and acceptable behavior. Object Line- A heavy solid line used on a drawing to represent the outline of an object. Oblique Sketch- A form of pictorial in which an object is represented as true width and height, but the depth can be any size and drawn at any angle. Orthographic Projection- A method of representing three-dimensional objects on a plane having only length and breadth. Also referred to as Right Angle Projection. Occupation Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)- assure the safety and health of Americas workers Perspective Sketch- A form of pictorial sketch in which vanishing points are used to provide the depth and distortion that is seen with the human eye Pictorial Sketch- A sketch that shows an object’s height, width, and depth in a single view. Plane- A flat surface on which a straight line joining any two points would wholly lie. Point- A location in space Principal Axes- The lines of intersection created from three mutually perpendicular planes, with the three planes’ point of intersection at the centroid of the part. Profile- An outline of an object when viewed from one side. Projection Line- An imaginary line that is used to locate or project the corners, edges, and features of a three-dimensional object onto an imaginary two-dimensional surface. Projection Plane- An imaginary surface between the object and the observer on which the view of the object is projected and drawn. Proportion- 1. The relationship of one thing to another in size, amount, etc. 2. Size or weight relationships among structures or among elements in a single structure. Scale- 1. A straight-edged strip of rigid material marked at regular intervals that is used to measure distances. 2. A proportion between two sets of dimensions used to develop accurate, larger or smaller prototypes, or models. Section Lines- Thin lines used in a section view to indicate where the cutting plane line has cut through material. Standard Deviation- The distance of a value in a population (or sample) from the mean value of the population (or sample). Technical Working Drawing- A drawing that is used to show the material, size, and shape of a product for manufacturing purposes. Tone- The general effect of color or of light and shade in a picture View- Colloquial term for views of an object projected onto two or more orthographic planes in a multi-view drawing.

Using animals in medical research

Using animals in medical research Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout history, animals (refers to ‘non-human animals, excluding human) are widely used in different fields. However, the issue of using animals in medical research notably attract public attention because, to many people, it appears unnatural and cruel, even though the number of animals used for other purposes and the ill-effects exposed (eg. blood sport) may often be greater, because the estimated 50 million animals used annually in experiments worldwide only account for about 0.2% of all animals used (Mepham, 2008).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The debate about animal experimentation ranges broadly over two distinct questions. Firstly, do animal research yields useful knowledge that could not be gained from other source and secondly, is it morally acceptable to use animals in a way that cause them harm (Nuffield Councils on Bioethics, 2005). The question of scientific justification is, obviously, fundamental to the question of moral justification. Scientific Justification Justified ‘There could have been no oral polio vaccine without the use of innumerable animals. Without animal research, polio would still be claiming thousands of lives each year. (Sabin, 1995) The primary reason given for using animals in research is that most medical advances since the 19th century have resulted from research using animals (Mepham, 2008). Among the examples are the extraction of first hormone (1902), a chemical treatment for syphilis (1909), isolation of insulin (1920), modern anaesthetics (1920s), kidney transplants (1940s), chemotherapy for leukaemia (1960s), and meningitis vaccine (1980s) (Monamy, 2009; Mepham, 2008). According to Sabin (1995), those who view animal experimentation as useless overlook the fact that it has been instrumental in developing medicines that saved countless human lives, such as the development of polio vaccine in 1957. Next, halting animal research would have unfavourable consequences for human health and welfare since there are no viable alternatives to animal experimentation yet (Mepham, 2008). Paris (1994), too, expressed that ‘all of the work being put into improving health care system will be for nought if we allow a powerful band of self-righteous activists to deny us the privilege of studying non-human animals medical sciences most valuable tool in the fight against disease. Lastly, animal experimentation is justified due to the extensive biological similarities between the physiology of humans and non-human animals (Mepham, 2008). This is supported by Bernard (1865), who stated that ‘the vital units, being of like nature in all living beings, are subjected to the same organic laws Even if the knowledge itself cannot be directly applied to humans, they add to the level of understanding that may eventually be exploited in human medicine (LaFollette Shanks, 1996). In short, animal experimentation is essential to ensure scientific progresses. We live in a modern age where life-threatening diseases are kept at bay to an extraordinary degree, bringing about the majority of us to forget that as recently as 60 years ago, many diseases (eg. TB, polio) were common killers in our society (Monamy, 2009). Unjustified However, there are also people who believe that animal experimentation is scientifically unjustified. For example, Burgos (1996) brought forward the argument that ‘it is impossible to cure a sick human by experimenting on animals, just like how it is not possible to cure a sick cat by experimenting on humans. Every species have different biomechanical and biochemical entity, and it is difficult to extrapolate data from one species to another. Moreover, every species reacts differently to different substances. For instances, aspirin kills cats and penicillin kills guinea pigs. Yet, the same guinea pig can safely eat strychnine- one of the deadliest poisons for human, but not for monkeys. Sheep can swallow enormous amount quantities of arsenic. Potassium cyanide, deadly for humans, is harmless for owl. Supposing that one has chosen the best model for a human disease, it is still difficult to decide the dosage of the drug for humans. The thalidomide tragedy is one of the many examples of how things can go wrong. The sedative drug thalidomide was introduced in 1956 and widely used by pregnant women to reduce nausea and vomiting. But by 1960s, it was identified as the cause of phocomelia- a devastating birth defect in which the limbs do not form properly and long bones in the arms or legs are absence (Mepham, 2008). Another example that shows the limitations of animal studies in assessing human reactions to drugs was dramatically illustrated by the detrimental effects experienced by the six male volunteers to the oral administration of TGN1412, a drug developed to treat rheumatism (Mepham, 2008). Although the drug had been tested on animals without deleterious effect, it produced life-threatening reaction on humans. Ethical Justification Cartesian Today, few will argue that animals are like machines and have no souls, hence granting us the rights to use animals in any ways that we see suited. However, back at the 17th century, this human-centred view was very prevalent. Rene Descartes (1596-1650), especially, played an important role in the early debate. Descartes (1637) believed that ‘the divine gift of soul distinguished the human from all others and the reactions of animals were dismissed as mere reflex. This, as a result, provided a convenient ideology for early vivisectionists (Monamy, 2009). Descartes statement was, also, supported by British psychologist Nicholas Humphrey. ‘Descartes was as nearly right as makes no matter. If we walk down on English country lane, we walk by ourselves. Trees, birds, bees, the rabbit darting down its hole, the cow heavy with milk are all as without insight into their condition as the dummies on show at Madame Tussauds. (Humphrey, 1983) Such views are not widely held anymore, partly due to the fact that studies of self-recognition using chimpanzees and mirrors have shown that some animals are capable of recognising themselves and have self-consciousness (Monamy, 2009). Kantian   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Immanuel Kant echoed the voice of ancients: non-human animals are non-rational, and hence demonstrably inferior to humans. However, he added a philosophical twist that helps ground one very common argument used to morally justify our treatment of animals (LaFollette Shanks, 1996).He believed that as far as animals are concerned, we have no direct duties. Animals have no self-conscious and are there as means to an end. Our duties towards animals are merely indirect duties towards humanity (Kant, 1963; Monamy, 2009). ‘Animal nature has analogies to human nature, and by doing our duties to animals in respect of manifestation of human nature, we are directly do our duty towards humanity. However, he argued that overt cruelty to animals was to be avoided because how we threat animals does affect how we threat humans. ‘he who is cruel to animals becomes hard also in his dealings with men.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Within Kant we, therefore, identify two elements of current moral thought about animals: the belief that humans are superior to animals because of our intelligence, and that we have some duties towards animals. These uphold the belief that although we should not be cruel to animals, we can use them for our purposes (LaFollette Shanks, 1996).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The problem with Kantian theory is its failure to make a theoretical distinction between animal species beyond human sphere. This theory can morally justify the use of a chimpanzee in an experiment where a mouse would suffice, because neither species has moral autonomy (Monamy, 2009). Animal Welfare/Interest ‘The day may come when the rest of the animal creation may acquire those rights which never could have been withholden from them but by the hand of tyranny The question is not, can they reason? Nor can they talk? But, can they suffer? (Jeremy Bentham, 1789) The first person to bring up the idea of equality was Bentham. He pointed out that the capacity to suffer should be a vital characteristic that gives a being the right to equal consideration. This was further upheld by Peter Singers Animal Liberation. Singer, reviving Benthams utilitarianism, argued for the liberation of animals based on equality of consideration and their capacity to suffer (Monamy, 2009). ‘The capacity for suffering and enjoying things is a prerequisite for having interest at all. Hence, it would be nonsense to say that it was not in the interest of a stone to be kicked along the road. A stone does not have interest because it cannot suffer. Nothing that we can do to it could possibly make any difference to its welfare. A mouse, on the other hand, does have an interest in not being harm, because it will suffer if it is. Moral judgements must be made based on equal interest and, we should never be influenced by species, in the same way as we should never be influenced by race or sex (Monamy, 2009). ‘If an animal suffered, there can be no moral justification for refusing to take suffering into consideration. No matter what the nature of the being, the principle of equality requires that its suffering be counted equally with the like suffering- in so far as rough comparisons can be made- of any being. (Singer, 1974) Singer argued that since laboratory animals were capable of feeling pain, their interest must be considered morally by humans. If the level of suffering in an experiment is not outweighed by any increase in the quality of human life, it is morally indefensible to allow such an experiment to continue (Dolan, 1999; Monamy, 2009). The idea put forward by Singer have provided a sensible starting point for debate over the moral issues essential in any discussion of animal experimentation. Virtually everyone, now, acknowledges that many animals, certainly mammals, feel pain- even though there is still disagreement about the severity or nature of the pain. Plus, majority too agrees that we cannot do whatever we want to the animals, at least if it causes the animals pain (LaFollette Shanks, 1996; Monamy, 2009). However, there are still some weaknesses concerning Singers argument. Firstly, moral calculations become impractical when all factors are taken into consideration. How do you quantify an amount of pain and pleasure? Or the benefits of an experiment to mankind? Secondly, Regan (1986) argued that utilitarianism has ‘no room for the equal rights of different individuals because it has no room for their equal inherent value or worth. What has value is the satisfaction of an individuals interest, not the individual itself. Regan believed that this theory can easily be exploited since an evil means can be justified as long as there is a good end. Lastly, some suggested that it simply do not go far enough- there is more to life than pleasure and pain (Monamy, 2009). Charles Birch (1993) posed an interesting question: ‘If all animals used for human purposes were to be constantly anaesthetised for all their lives, thereby eliminating the pain/pleasure argument, would such a proced ure be morally defensible? Animal Rights   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Animal rights moral view was brought forwarded by Tom Regan (1986). According to him, basic moral rights should be assigned to all beings who are ‘subjects of life, due to the fact that ‘these animals have a life of their own, of importance to them apart from their utility to us. They have a biography, not just a biology. They are not only in the world, they have experience of it. They are somebody, not something. Regan claimed that all creatures should be treated equally unless there is some relevant reason that justifies otherwise. It thereby rules out discrimination based on irrelevant reasons. He proposed that every individual of any species should be considered to have an ‘intrinsic value (or ‘inherent value), the value of conscious individuals, disregarding of their usefulness to others and independent of their ‘goodness. Equal rights for such individuals protect their ‘inherent value and give them moral status (Mepham, 2008; Monamy, 2009). When it comes to animal experimentation, Regans view is unequivocal: ‘the rights-based view is categorically abolitionistthis is just as true when animals are used in trivial, duplicative, unnecessary or unwise research as it is when they are used in studies that hold out real promise of human benefitsthe best we can do is not to use them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nonetheless, some claims that ‘rights can be attributed only to individuals who can claim them, and that they can only apply in circumstances where that individual understands the notions of ‘rights. However, Regan has countered this by pointing out that such a viewpoint would also withhold rights form infants, the mentally retarded and senile. Apart from that, many find the concept of animal rights confusing. Exactly what rights do animals have? Do every single animal, including insects, has the same right, or just mammals? (Mepham, 2008; Monamy, 2009; Dolan, 1999) Reverence for Life   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Albert Schweitzer (1875-1965) believed that an ethic that advocated goodness towards all life and, not just to humanity, would be derived from emotion, not from rational thought. This belief contributed to his theory of ‘reverence for life. ‘The most immediate fact of mans consciousness is the assertion: I am life which wills to live in the midst of life which wills to lifehe feels a compulsion to give every will-to-live the same reverence for life that he gives to his own.He accepts as being good: to preserve life, to promote life, to raise to its highest value of life which is capable of development.'(Schweitzer, 1936) It is an ideology which makes no distinction between ‘higher and ‘lower life forms, plants and animals, human and non-human. Acceptance of the ethic does not mean that it is wrong to cause death of another creature, it is the causing of pain or death when it can be avoided that is wrong. Anyone guided by this belief will only cause death or suffering of any animal in cases of inescapable necessity, never from thoughtlessness (Monamy, 2009).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ËœThose who experiment with operations or the use of drug upon animals.must never quiet misgivings they feel with the general reflection that their cruel proceedings aim at a valuable result. They must first have considered in each individual case whether there is a real necessity to force upon any animal this is sacrifice for the sake of mankind. And they must take the most anxious care to mitigate as much as possible the pain inflicted. (Schweitzer, 1936)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In short, Schweitzer urged that all life must be given the same respect: the need for every experiment must be carefully reasoned based on the ideal of reverence for life, not sentience an argument that gives a place to emotion (Monamy, 2009). Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœthere are no simple answers to be found and there is no single guiding principle that will answer the questions that are raised about the problems of animal welfare and the use of animals in our society.where ethical principles are concerned, there is no possibility of proving the validity of an ethical principle (Stone, 1989) In conclusion, the debate on animal experimentation is extremely complicated and it involves both rational discussion and personal feelings. Every one of us must, therefore, attempt to form an opinion of our own about the extent to which we use research animals.

Rabies :: essays research papers

Rabies Rabies is an infectious disease of animals which is a member of a group of viruses constituting the family Rhabdoviridae. The virus particle is covered in a fatty membrane, is bullet-shaped, 70 by 180 nanometres and contains a single helical strand of ribonucleic acid (RNA). Although rabies is usually spread among domestic dogs and wild carnivorous animals, all warm-blooded animals are susceptible to infection. The virus is often present in the salivary glands of infected animals, referred to as rabid, and is excreted in the saliva. The bite of the infected animal easily introduces the virus into a fresh wound. In humans, rabies is not usually spread from man to man, rather the majority of infections occur from rabid dogs. After a person has been inoculated, the virus enters small nerve ends around the site of the bite, and slowly travels up the nerve to reach the central nervous system (CNS) where it reproduces itself, and will then travel down nerves to the salivary glands and replicate further. The time it takes to do this depends on the length of the nerve it must travel - a bite on the foot will have a much lengthier incubation period than a facial bite would. This period may last from two weeks to six months, and often the original wound will have healed and been forgotten by the time symptoms begin to occur. Symptoms in humans present themselves in one of two forms: ‘furious rabies', or ‘ dumb rabies'. The former is called such because of the severe nature and range of the symptoms. The virus, upon reaching the CNS will present the person with headache, fever, irritability, restlessness and anxiety. Progression may occur on to muscle pains, excessive salivation, and vomiting. After a few days or up to a week the person may go through a stage of excitement, and be afflicted with painful muscle spasms which are sometimes set off by swallowing of saliva or water. Because of this the afflicted will drool and learn to fear water, which is why rabies in humans was sometimes called Hydrophobia. The patients are also extremely sensitive to air or drafts blown on their face. The stage lasts only fews days before the onset of a coma, then death. Dumb rabies begins similarly to furious rabies, but instead of symptoms progressing to excitement, a steady retreat and quiet downhill state occurs. This may be accompanied with paralysis before death. Rabies diagnosis in this type of cases can be missed. Unfortunately with both furious and dumb rabies, once the disease has taken hold

Vietnams Power Struggle :: International Politics Political Science

â€Å"If you grew up in the 60’s, you grew up with war on TV every night, a war that your friends were involved in. And I want to do this song tonight for all the young people out there if you’re in your teens. Cause I remember a lot of my friends when we were 17 or 18, we didn’t have much of a chance to think about how we felt about a lot of things. And the next time, they’re gonna be looking at you and you’re gonna need a lot of information to know what you’re gonna want to do. Because in 1985, blind faith in your leaders or in anything will get you killed.† -Bruce Springsteen Vietnamese nationalism began when the Vietnamese revolted against France in the Yen Bay revolt under the leadership of Nguyen Thai Hoc. The Indochinese Communist Party was formed in 1930. In 1932, the French installed Bao Dai as emperor, attempting to appeal to traditional authority and oppose the nationalist movements. Through Bao Dai, the French gave the Vietnamese a government that was parented by Paris. When France fell to Germany, during World War II, Japan occupied Vietnam from 1941 to 1945. Ho Chi Minh saw the Japanese invasion as a chance to build up a new nationalist force, one that appealed to all facets of Vietnamese culture. â€Å"Ho founded the Vietminh political organization and conceived the strategy that would eventually drive the French from Vietnam. He and the other Communists who constituted the Vietminh leadership skillfully tapped the deep reservoir of Vietnamese nationalism, muting their stressing independence and â€Å"democratic† reforms. Displaying an organization and discipline far superior to competing nationalist groups, many of which spent as much time fighting each other as the French, the Vietminh established itself as the voice of Vietnamese nationalism (Herring5).† In August 1945, the Vietminh conquered Hanoi. Bao Dai renounced his throne, and soon after, the Japanese surrendered at Hanoi. Ho Chi Minh considered Vietnam independent, and on his own accord, named the country the â€Å"Democratic Republic of Vietnam†. Ho Chi Minh's declaration was not acknowledged by France. Soon, the Vietminh were driven into the North by French forces, but the Vietminh did not allow the French to penetrate any further. In 1945, Ho Chi Minh wrote many letters to Harry Truman that appealed for official US recognition of the â€Å"Democratic Republic of Vietnam†.

Machiavelli?s View Of Human Nature Essay example -- essays research pa

Machiavelli’s view of human nature. Machiavelli has long been required reading for everyone intrested in politics and power. In The Prince Niccolo M achiavelli presents a unique view on governing a state. Machiavelli believes the ruling Prince should be the only authority that should determine every aspect of the state and put in effect a policy which would serve his best interests. These interests were gaining, maintaining, and expanding his political power. (Machiavelli,5). His understanding of human nature was a complete contradiction of what everyone believed and taught. Machiavelli strongly promoted a physical society and felt morality was not necessary but in fact stood in the way of an effectively governed principality. (Machiavelli,5). Although in some cases Machiavelli's suggestions seem harsh and immoral one must remember that these views were derived from his concern for the welfare of his country. At Machiavelli's time everyone believed that an individual had much to offer to the well being of the state, Machiavelli was quick to mock human nature. He truly believed that humans are not ready to serve their country unless there is a special benefit to them as individuals. Machiavelli further goes on to question the loyalty of the citizens and advises the Prince that men never keep their word to you so you should never keep youre word to them. (Machiavelli,6). However, Machiavelli did not feel that a Prince should mistreat the citizens. This suggestion is only to serve the Prince's best interests. If a prince can not be both feared and loved, Machiavelli suggests, it would be better for him to be feared by the citizens within his own principality. He makes the generalization that men are, "ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers they shun danger and greedy for profit†.(Machiavelli, 54). He characterizes men as being self centered and not willing to act in the best interest of the state. When the ruler is in danger they turn against him. Machiavelli reinforces the prince's need to be feared by stating: â€Å" Men worry less about doing an injusry to one who makes himself loved than to one who makes himself feard. For love is secured by a bond of gratitude which men, wretched creatures that they are, break when it is to their advantage to do so; but fear is strengthened by a dread of punishement which is always effective.†... ...w Italy beseeches God to send someone to save her from those barbarous cruelties and outrages; see how eager and willing the country is to follow a banner, if someone will raise it.18 Although Italy had become the center of intellectual, artistic and cultural development, Machiavelli did not feel these qualities would help in securing Italy's political future. His opinion was that Italy required a leader who could have complete control over Italy's citizens and institutions. One way of maintaining control of was to institute a secular form of government. This would allow the prince to govern without being morally bound. Machiavelli's view of human nature was not in accord to that of humanists who felt that an individual could greatly contribute to the well being of the society. Machiavelli, however felt that people generally tended to work for their own best interests and gave little obligation to the well being of the state. Although Machiavelli doubted that this form of government could ever be established it did appear several years after he wrote The Prince. Machiavelli has become to be regarded as "the founder of modern day, secular politics."

Lab Experiment Stoichiometry of a Precipitation Reaction Essay

The purpose of this experiment is to use stoichiometry to predict how much of a product will be made in a precipitation reaction, to measure the reactants and products of the reaction correctly, to figure out the actual yield vs. the theoretical yield and to calculate the percent yield. Procedure First, 1.0 g of CaCl2Â ·2H2O was put into a 100-mL beaker and 25 mL of distilled water was added. The two ingredients were stirred to create a calcium chloride solution. Then, stoichiometry was used to determine how much Na2CO3 was needed for a full reaction: First, 1 g of CaCl22H2O was converted to moles: 0.00680 moles. The mole ratios of CaCl22H2O and Na2CO3 was seen to be 1:1. Then, moles of Na2CO3 were converted to grams: 0 .72 g. The measure of CaCo3 was predicted to be 0.00680 moles. 0.00680 moles converted to grams is 0.68 grams. Then, 0 .72 grams of Na2CO3 was measured into a paper cup because that was the measure calculated for Na2CO3 using stoichiometry in the step before. 25 mL of distilled water was added and stirred. Then, that solution was poured into the 100 mL beaker and it formed a precipitate (calcium carbonate) instantly with the calcium chloride solution. Next, a filteration system was set up: A small cup was placed inside a larger cup for support and a funnel placed in to the small cup. Then, a 1.1 gram circle of filter paper was folded in half twice and one section of the folds in the filter paper was opened to fit into the funnel. Then, the solution was poured slowly into the funnel. After all the liquid strained through the filter system, the filter paper with its contents which did not strain through was put aside on a few paper towels to dry. Once it was dry, the filter paper was weighed again and the weight was 1.9 grams. The initial weight of the filter paper was subtracted from 1.9 grams, leaving 0.8 grams of precipitate. Then, using the theoretical yield and actual yield, the percent yield was figured out: .80/ .68= 1. 176 117.6%. Experimental Results & Discussion of Observations Calculations: 1 g of CaCl22H2O was converted to moles| 0.00680 moles| mole ratios of CaCl22H2O and Na2CO3| 1:1| moles of Na2CO3 were converted to grams| .72 g| . 0.00680 moles converted to grams| 0.68 grams| initial weight of the filter paper subtracted from final weight with precipitate| 1.9 – 1.1= .8 g| using the theoretical yield and actual yield, the percent yield was calculated| .80/ .68= 1. 176 117.6%.| Additional Questions No additional questions. Conclusions This experiment was successful. Stoichiometry was used to predict how much of a product will be made in a precipitation reaction, the reactants and products of the reaction were measured, the actual yield vs. the theoretical yield was figured out and the percent yield was calculated. References 1. 1. LabPaq Lab Manual Caloric Content of Food by Peter Jaschofnig Ph.D. Pgs 92-97

Book Smart vs Street Smart Essay

In the article, â€Å"Hidden Intellectualism,† Gerald Graff discusses the topic of book smart versus street smart. Being street smart means having interest in other activities more than in school work, while being book smart is the complete opposite of that. Graff believes that having the personality of a street smart person can benefit society if one knows how to channel their potential correctly. He persuades his views to the readers by using his personal experiences and displaying the positives of being street smart. During his childhood years, Graff lived in a middle class neighborhood, while being a block away from what would be classified to some people as the â€Å"hood. † He would encounter people from that part of the hood daily. He would have to hide his intelligence in the fear that he would get beat up or robbed. He loved sports more than school, so he thought he was in the street smart crowd. â€Å"It was in these discussions with friends about toughness and sports, I think, and in my reading of sports books and magazines, that I began to learn the rudiments of the intellectual life†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Graff 10). In this quote, Graff explains how being street smart was actually helpful for him. He was learning elements of argumentation without even meaning to do so. He later explains the different kinds of components he learned in his arguments, â€Å"†¦how to make an argument, weigh different kinds of evidence, move between particulars and generalizations, summarize the views of others, and enter a conversation about ideas† (Graff 10). He did not think it would have been this easy to do all of these things without reading something to do with Shakespeare. When he realized that loving sports and being able to argue over this subject was actually helping him, he started doing some research on how schools should use relatable subjects to help the street smart students connect like the other students do. This way they would be able to learn in a way that is most understandable to them. He explains that if a student would rather choose a sports magazine over a novel to write about, then it is only smart enough to assign them to write from the magazine. This way they are interested in what they are writing about, and also they are bettering their writing skills. â€Å"Give me the student anytime who writes a sharply argued, sociologically acute analysis of an issue in Source over the student who writes a lifeless explication of Hamlet or Socrates’ Apology† (Graff 18). In this ending statement, Graff is confident about his views and is openly challenging anybody to contradict whatever he has previously stated. Graff’s personal experiences assist in conveying why he felt so strong about this topic. Also, he gives ideas to schools and universities on what teaching material they should use for the street smart students. Not only does he provide help, but he is also confident of its success. There is a way to use the street smart in a book smart type of way.

Is Regeneration an Anti-war Novel? Essay

â€Å"Opposition gives definition† said Heraclitus in 6th century BC (Graham). If that was true, in 21st century people are given â€Å"definition† by the usage of the prefix â€Å"anti-â€Å". Therefore, an â€Å"anti-war† novel is one, which opposes any form of aggressive competition. Regeneration by Pat Barker is one of the plentiful novels inspired by the atrocious events of the First World War. Barker’s book does not focus on depicting combats and stratagems. On the contrary, it portrays in detail the mental and physical consequences of the war. Regeneration is an â€Å"anti-war† novel, which touches upon the appalling harm done by warfare and the following recovery process. Barker condemns war and her negative attitude is displayed by her complex, credible characters and hard emphasis on consequences. Description of both mental and physical war injuries tags every chapter of the novel, thus provoking the reader’s sympathy. Barker aims to create a picture of the real circumstances during that period. Both by imaginary and real characters she succeeds in creating the solemn and discouraging mood in Craiglockheart. The introduction of the patients of the hospital (Prior, Anderson, Burns and Campbell) arises sympathy in the reader. Each of them has his own misfortune caused by war, which would probably mark his life forever. They would never be able to continue their ordinary lives and would have to get used to new habits. The tragic fates of these patients make the reader indeed sympathetic. Barker uses the fates of her character to express in a hidden voice her negative attitude towards the war, thus provoking â€Å"anti-war† feelings in the reader. In addition, Barker uses other very interesting techniques to represent the awful effects of war on human psychology – representation of nightmares, dreams and hallucinations. For example, such a moment is the imaginary meeting, which Sassoon has with his friend Orme in Chapter 13 from part two. Sassoon wakes up â€Å"to find Orme standing immediately inside the door†, but then â€Å"he remembered that Orme was dead† (Barker 143). This episode represents another aspect of the war effect – grief for all the lost friends, relatives and comrades. In that particular episode, Barker also implies the idea that Orme’s visitation is a wake-up call from the dead, delivered by one of them and reminding silently of what Sassoon is delicately trying to forget. With its emotional shade the scene once again makes the reader sympathetic. As a whole, the description of the damage caused to patients, both mental and physical, makes the reader sympathetic. That sympathy in turn, promotes another attitude – â€Å"anti-war† attitude. In the novel not only physical and mental injuries are depicted, but also social ones. The social conditions are curved by war. Society puts restrictions on the individual. Any form of protest is forbidden and all those who dare object are condemned – â€Å"‘conchies’, cowards, shirkers, scrimshankers and degenerates† (Barker 4). The novel begins with Sassoon’s bold Declaration. As the plot unfolds, it becomes evident that his ideas are entirely justified but rejected. The government pronounces him mentally ill and silences him in a mental hospital. By censuring Sassoon’s protest, the country prevents another upcoming remonstrance. Also, expression of sexuality is confined in the society. At that time homosexuals would not be accepted in the army. When Sassoon implies his homosexuality during one of his sà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ances with Rivers, the doctor warns him. Even though Rivers really feels sympathy for Sassoon’s unfortunate situation in the prejudiced society, he tells him that he must face the reality he lives in. The doctor explains that society could become more accepting in the future, but it is not likely â€Å"that any movement towards greater tolerance would persist in wartime† (Barker 204). He implies that it is not possible for a single man to change the world and make it look from another angle. Rivers also states its time for Sassoon to grow up and start â€Å"living in the real world†, whether or not he agrees (Barker 205). The purpose of his words is to convince Sassoon that if he admits his sexuality this would worsen his present situation even more. Moreover, through Prior’s character another social restriction that is denounced – censorship. During wartime there is no privacy at all: â€Å"I censored it every week. We read all their letters†¦.† (Barker 131). Also, soldiers are never told if their letters have arrived. They are kept like prisoners on the front with their homes and loved ones far away. By depicting all of these social restrictions from the war time Barker maintains the â€Å"anti-war† mood throughout the novel. Furthermore, by the end of the novel Rivers’ convictions shift and he realizes how unjust the war is, how awful and long-lasting the consequences are, thus contributing to the peak of the reader’s anti-war certainty. The idea of unjust war is implied through River’s change. In the beginning his ultimate goal is to see all of his patients return to the front in good health, prepared to fight once again for their country. However, because of some events Rivers starts to question war’s justification and realizes that he sends his patients to an almost certain death. The culmination of his â€Å"anti-war† conviction is when he witnesses Burns’ dire condition: â€Å"Nothing justifies this. Nothing nothing nothing†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Barker 180). Furthermore, the doctor confirms his fears when he goes to observe Yealland’s methods. As he watches Callan’s treatment Rivers is horrified: â€Å"He couldn’t bare to go on watching. He looked down at the backs of his clasped hands†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Barker 232). After that episode Rivers considers the differences between himself and Yealland and for his horror realizes that they are the same. In Chapter 14 his thoughts are released: â€Å"Obviously he and Yealland were both in the business of controlling people. Each of them fitted young men back into role of warrior †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Barker 238). At that point Rivers understands that instead of curing his patients he actually breaks them down. Even though his methods are less severe than Yealland’s, the effect is the same. To a certain extent Rivers is violating his patients’ rights because of war. All of these examples portray how Barker gradually, but effectively builds the â€Å"anti-war† suggestion in Regeneration. Barker’s novel Regeneration is an â€Å"anti-war† book because it provides a unique possibility to the contemporary reader to dive into the depths of a war that had irrevocable effects on soldiers’ mentality. The author’s personal attitude is expressed by her characters’ behavior and destiny in the society. She aims to remind people of what effects the war had on previous generations and warn them, so that the same mistake does not occur. Will it?

Different Leadership Styles used in The Public Services Essay

A leadership style is the manner and approach of providing direction for a team, implementing plans and motivating people to complete a task. The different types of leaderships used in the public services are – Authoritarian- Autocratic Leadership is a leadership style characterized by individual control over all decisions and little input from group members. Autocratic leaders typically make choices based on their own ideas and judgments and rarely accept advice from followers no matter how it may benefit the group. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Authoritarian Leadership style? The advantages of Authoritarian Leadership Style are that it maintains order and discipline to all team members. It allows the public services to be deployed on time, quickly and efficiently and leaves the public happy. Young and inexperienced recruits will be told what to do and when to do it; this allows them to learn better and efficiently. It allows large scale coordination with other shifts or units ensures that decisions are made by those who are best equipped to make the decisions. This makes the decisions to be made very quickly. The disadvantages of Authoritarian Leadership Style are that it can lead to high staff turnover and regularly not turning up to work. This is because the staff may feel devalued and fearful of punishment. The team members rely on the leader for instructions and do not develop initiative, the team may have less responsibility for their own actions. Due to feeling feared this will make the staff to feel angry and resentful at being ordered to perform t asks without the explanations needed. What are the Strength and Weaknesses of Authoritarian Leadership Style? The Strengths of Autocratic Leadership Style are that they have improbable efficient choices made instantly. They get their work done as efficient and quick as possible. Their weaknesses are that some team members are not up to doing work as quick as they should and often leads to high levels of absenteeism and a large amount of staff leaving their workplace. In conclusion Autocratic Leadership Style is effective in the public services because all public individuals are happy and satisfied with the public services effort. All team members are disciplined to maintain that the team’s performance and the quality of team work are done professionally and efficiently. I like that  this type of leadership goes by their own turf and create ideas them self that will benefit their team. Their choices are made instantly and the public services officers are deployed as soon as an emergency has been informed by a member of the public. An example of Authoritarian Leadership Style- This Type of leadership is used in the public services, the main example that it is used for is if you are in the army. For example if you were fighting for your country in the Army and you got told to ‘get down’ then you will have to get down, or you could get shot. This type of leadership is used in most regiments of the army this is because you get told what to do and where to go most of the time. Another example is in nursing, for an example a patient has a cardiac carets a particular nurse will shout out for other nurses and doctors to go get one thing and another to do something else, it is very effective in many ways such as no one is running about asking what they are meant to be doing. Democratic- Democratic Leadership Style is an open and collegial leadership style where ideas between the leaders and the subordinates flow freely as the discussions are held in an open manner and where all members’ opinions are respected. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Democratic Leadership? The advantages of Democratic Leadership Style are that workers develop a greater sense of self-esteem, due to importance given to their ideas and their contributions. They will become committed to changes that may be brought about by policy changes, since they themselves participate in bringing about these changes. It’s often participative and involves employees in the decision making process. Being a leader will give you great confidence, cooperation, and loyalty amongst other workers. Active participation in the management by labour assures rising productivity and satisfaction. The disadvantage of Democratic Leadership Style is that it is a time consuming progress of decision making, in case of uneducated or unskilled worker, it is not very effective. Having evasive members, who prefers not to be involved in the team work and this may create problems with all the members. Due to the lack of communication by all members of the  team, some importance suggestions will be unhe ard, or missed. What are the Strength and Weaknesses of Democratic Leadership Style? The Strengths of Democratic Leadership Styles are that all team members have high job satisfaction and they are more productive as they are more involved in decision making. All team members are motivated by other team members and leaders. The weaknesses are that decision making can be a time consuming procedure. Some team members may not have the knowledge to provide the high-quality input that is expected. In conclusion Democratic Leadership is a style that is extremely effective in the public services, this is because there is one leader leading everyone else and making sure their jobs are done properly. They have a lot of time on their hands to come up with decisions and they make sure unskilled and uneducated workers get the chance to do work and get involved with other successful team members. Being a democratic leader will give you excellent confidents, cooperation and loyalty amongst other workers, this means that each and every team member can trust and follow the leader wit h confidents and hope to get their work done effectively. An example of Democratic Leadership style- An example of Democratic Leadership Style is used in the Hospital, such as if there are any patients there and that they are needing medical attention but the nurses are unsure on how to treat the patient they will discuss on what is best for the patient on what needs they will need and who will be the best to be dealing with the patient. Also it is used in the police services, if the police are dealing with a case they would come together to discuss on how to deal with it and to see who is more capable on dealing and doing the job most successfully. Laissez-faire- Laissez-faire leadership is a specific type of leadership style. It is also known as delegate leadership and is a leadership style where leaders allow group members to make many of the decisions. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Laissez-faire leadership style? The advantages of Laissez-Faire Leadership Style are that the leader itself will not be given work to do; this could encourage others into leadership roles. This allows  the visionary worker to have an opportunity to do what they want to do, with no interferences. With Laissez-fair leadership, the group gets very little, or no guidance from the leaders. This gives members of the group complete freedom to make decisions on their own. The Disadvantages of Laissez-Faire Leadership Style are that some jobs will fall back on someone else or are not completed to the full expected standard. This type of leadership has been proven that generates a very low amount of production among its group members, this means that there is less group satisfaction, less group productivity, poorer quality of work and less personal growth by the members of the team. What are the Strength and Weaknesses of Laissez-Faire Leadership Style? The Strengths in Laissez-Faire Leadership Styles are that they give each team members complete freedom on group decisions. The leaders infrequently make any suggestions on decisions to let the team members have a free mind on their thoughts. Although Laissez-Faire leaders are happy to help any individuals they only do so when they are asked by team members. The weaknesses are that they are too laid back; this will make the team members feel like they are not being managed in any way. The leaders expect team members to have freedom to think and to have ‘expert knowledge’ on what they are doing as they don’t lead in anyway. In conclusion Laissez-Faire Leadership style is effective An example of Laissez-Faire Leadership style- For an example, if you were to work in the public services and there was a murder investigation, FBI are sent to the scene of the crime, they would know what to do and then they are then able to be left there to do their job without any supervision needed. The leaders role is to be able to trust their team members to get their tasks done at good standards, for another example, in the army the leader will say to the squad to go and set up the camp in a particular location, after the team will go and do that without any hesitation and without any supervision by the leader. Transactional- Transactional leadership is a very direct style of leadership and uses rewards and punishments to motivate the team. What are the advantages and disadvantages in Transactional Leadership Style? The advantages of  Transactional Leadership Style are that the leader actively monitors the work and each individual’s from performance. All team members are motivated by being rewarded for exceeding expectations and excellent standard work. There is a clear chain of command. Formal systems of discipline are in place, if any team members are doing something wrong they will know that they have and will be told about it. The team is fully accountable for its actions and will be sanctioned for their failure. The disadvantages of Transactional Leadership Style tend to be action oriented and they will focus mainly on short term tasks. Some team members may not get a job satisfaction because of the reward and punishment ethos. It has serious limitations of knowledge-based or creative work but remains a common style in many organisations. All team members have to do exactly what the managers tell them to do and they have no authority. What are the Strength and Weaknesses of Transactional Leadership Style? The strengths of Transactional Leadership Style are that if the team members finished their work to the expected standards they will be salaried or rewarded for their good work and effort. Transactional leadership will lead and tell their team members what they expect from them and lead them to do their given tasks. Their weaknesses of transactional leadership are that if the team members do not complete their work to the expected standards they will be punished, their punishment could be such as, lower payment, extra tasks, or you could even lose your job. This will make it harder for team members to be open minded as the fear of doing something that they are not meant to be doing and being punished. In overall conclusion Transactional leadership is effective but not as effective as the other styles; this is because being punished for simple mistakes is a weak way to motivate team members. In my opinion the only place this style would be effective in is the army. Army is disciplinar y. If team members keep getting punished for mistakes they are most likely going to walk out and go somewhere else which is not very good for the leaders. It is effective if you are rewarding them for good work as this will boost their confidents and make them want to get a reward instead of a harsh punishment. An example of Transactional Leadership Style- Transactional leaders could be found within public services where people are  given rewards such as bonuses, training or time off if they show a good demonstration and excellent work. For an example if a worker needs time off to do training for a new task they could have the time off for good work and do their training that is needed. For an example, in the army if a soldier does not do as it’s told they would be punished, the leader will make them all do exercise as a punishment. You will see that the leader will either tell the whole team or the individual to drop down and do a hundred push ups. The leaders see this as a discipline role to keep punishing them if they do something out of place or wrong as it teaches them not to do it again. Transformational- Transformational Leadership Style is a form of leadership style that focuses on team performance as a whole by encouraging team members to think of the group rather than themselves. It is about moving forward as a team rather than individuals who just happened to be on the same project. What are the advantage and disadvantages of Transformational Leadership Style? The advantages of Transformational Leadership Style are that people will follow transformational leaders because of their passion, energy, commitment and enthusiasm for the team and their vision; they spend time teaching and coaching the team, they belief in others and themselves, they add value to the organisation through their vision and enthusiasm and they care about their team and work hard to motivate them-this reduces stress levels and increase well-being. The disadvantages of Transformational Leadership Style are that the team may not share the same vision if they are not convinced by other ideas and plans. If any team members do not believe that they will succeed then they will lack effort and ultimately give up and leave. Followers need to have strong sense of purpose if they are to be motivated to act.The leaders will believe that their visions are right when really sometimes they are not. Large amounts of relentless enthusiasm can wear out the team. Leaders tend to see a big picture but not the details they need to know, the leaders may become frustrated if transformation is not taking place. What are the Strength and Weaknesses of Transformational Leadership Style? The strengths of Transformational Leadership Style are that they are hand’s on with all team members. They spend more time cooperating to each  individuals of the team. The leaders motivate the team members by their efforts and enthusiasm. This will give the team members a ‘team’ feeling as a replacement of being informed what to do. The weaknesses that may appear are that they may feel that they are given excessive amount support and that the team members are not working by their own mind. As ideas are flying around by each person in the team, everyone is involved and not giving every individual the chance to give their opinions for their own work. An example of Transformational Leadership Style- For an example in the police the leader inspires the team to help make the world a better place, so the leaders role is to do the task so their team know exactly what the standard of work that will need to be done and correctly. You would be able to see this leadership style in the hospital, for an example, if a new team of trainees come in a hospital to learn and to experience their job. The teacher will show them how it’s done and let them do it after showing them, this is because you’re dealing with others life’s and its important that they do their job well. In conclusion Transformational leadership style is an effective leadership style, for the reason that the leaders show so much passion and commitment towards the whole team with great enthusiasm. This encourages individuals in the team to follow the leader and try and aim towards their standard of work. Each and every leader works hard to motivate the team into working hard to reach for what they are aime d for. The leaders are more on board with every team members and they take time into helping all team members, this is so all team members know exactly what they are doing in their own tasks. Bureaucratic- Bureaucratic Leadership is a style of leadership that focuses on rules and procedures to manage teams and projects. What are the advantage and disadvantages of Bureaucratic Leadership Style? The advantages of Bureaucratic Leadership Style are that they focus mainly on following a predefined set of standards or rules of governance and management. Bureaucratic leadership asks team members to understand and follow certain standards to procedures’. Team members are asked to repeat certain tasks for an example, on a production line. A Bureaucratic team can work extremely  well if they are a well motivated team and a well defined procedures. The disadvantages of Bureaucratic Leadership Style are that if a work habit has been formed that are unproductive, they can be very hard to break and replace with new procedures and this can alienate and de-motivate a workforce. Team members will lack their work effort and this will make it harder for all the team members to motivate each other and the lack of motivation can lead to poorly defined managerial structures. What are the Strength and Weaknesses of Bureaucratic Leadership Style? The strengths of Bureaucratic Leadership Style they make sure that each team members are obeying and respecting the procedures, most of the time for their own safety. This leadership style has a tendency to work well in a manufacturing environment. The weaknesses are that they do the similar work each day; this can be very hard and tedious for some individuals in the team that likes to be imaginative and original in their work. In conclusion Bureaucratic leadership style is an effective leadership style my reasons are that each team members are well taught to know what they are doing in their tasks and being able to remember what they are doing as they are told to repeat their work again, this is so each team member are able to remember what they learnt. As well this could waste time as their work are being repeated and they are wasting time on what they have done in the past instead of forwarding into new work to be working on as a team. An example of Bureaucratic Style- For an example this type of Leadership Style is used in the police force. If a police officer goes out on patrol on their own most of their time without a leader accompanying them, the policies and procedures’ are set out so the officers will know exactly what they can or cannot do. For another example in most public services all new recruits do the same test across that public service in the police everyone needs to complete a bleep test to a standard. People-orientated- People-orientated Leadership Style focuses on participation of all team members, clear communication and supporting and developing the individual in order to improve skills. What are the advantage and disadvantages of People-orientated Leadership Style? The advantages of People Orientated  Leadership Style are that they often energize team members. All team members will feel empowered and meaningful, and feel that their job satisfaction levels will rise. All team members will feel that they have a ‘say’ in all decision making and that their work place efficiency. All team members will be encouraged with feed back and ideas on how to improve their work. The leaders will often develop a much better understanding of their team, work place conditions and team members will receive honest opinions on their work by allowing them to understand what will be a good or not and to be able to get a better standard work. The disadvantages of People-Orientated Leadership Styles are similar to the advantages. If team members are given too much responsibilities without management guidance, their decision making duties can become very overwhelming and can become very stressful, which may lead to lack of team work and will lack the effo rt to complete given tasks to the full requirements. What are the Strength and Weaknesses of People-Orientated Leadership Style? T he strengths of People-Orientated Leadership Style are that they encourage each team members to voice their views out to people to get response comments. Team members are given tasks based on their own skills and interests that inspire them to work that bit harder; this will make the work environment much more pleasant and more motivating for each team member. The weaknesses are that they are not managed on their given tasks and this will make it harder for the team to complete their work to its full standards expected. In Conclusion An example of People-orientated l Style- For an Example, if you were to work at a care home and you were to have responsibilities or having to pick up your sick child up from school, you would be let to go home and someone else taking your place as you have responsibilities, where some don’t. If you had to be home for your children after school and had no one to look after them then you would have to go home and take care of them. Task-orientated- Task-Orientated Leadership Style is about getting the job done. The completion of the task rather than the needs of the team are the key goal. What are the advantage and disadvantages of Task-orientated Leadership  Style? The advantages of Task-Orientated Leadership Styles are that leaders communicate together to know where they want to take their companies to. The leaders organise certain tasks for each individual team members and ensuring that they have a clear understanding on their set tasks. Task orientated leadership style is a very well suited to structure work environments’ such as law enforcements and manufacturing assembly lines, in which repeating well-defined process usually result in consistently high levels of productivity and the quality of the work. The disadvantages of Task-Orientated Leadership Styles are that the team members are afraid to break rules, taking risks, this will lead to missing good opportunities and they will lack creativity this will result to going elsewhere to have better options and opportunities to do what they would like and to be happy with. To encourage creativity leaders should learn to say no to the people who mostly expect a yes, this is because cons tructive conflict leads to creative engagement, and this leads to a competitive opportunity between others. What are the Strength and Weaknesses of Task-Orientated Leadership Style? The strengths of Task-Orientated Leadership Style are that they certify that each individual has a clear understanding on what they are doing for their roles. Leaders will correspond with each individual to see where they are at on their tasks and to see if they are in need of any help to understand clearly on what they are doing. The weaknesses are that the leaders make the team members feel anxious to break any rules in the work place; due to this individual will not take any risks on their work to make their work a little bit more exiting and creative and they will stick to basic work, and this will be less creative to go that one step further in their tasks. An example of Task-orientated Style- Task-Orientated Leadership Style focuses on getting the job/tasks done and not worrying about anything else around them that are needed or happening around them. For an example you may find this in the fire services, they will focus on getting the fire out and saving lives on the job, it does not matter to them what they destroy during the process to get the job done, because their job is to concentrate 100% on the task and block any other problems out. Similarities and Differences Describing the similarities and differences in the different leadership styles used by the public services. Authoritarian and Task-Orientated Leadership Style This Authoritarian Leadership Style is quite similar to the Task Orientated Leadership Style in the way that the leaders are the only people who put input, this doesn’t create a team sense and can lead to little morale, and nonetheless it is an effective way in most circumstances. At the end of the day authoritarian leadership style can be one of the most beneficial styles, as it gets the job finished and finalized. The leader uses his authority’s power to instruct the team, and they learn to do what the leader says immediately. This style would be ineffective in a situation when the team are arranging out a situation, as more ideas would be better than just what the leader thinks on its own. Democratic and People-Orientated Leadership Style Democratic Leadership Style is very similar to The People Orientated Leadership Style in the way that both leaders take the team members opinions and give thought to their ideas, this can be very successful in many situations as 2 heads are better than 1 in the end of the day. Democratic Leadership Style can be a very effective leadership style in many situations where the team are planning out a situation; each individual of the team can put in input to make the action as effective as possible. This type of leadership style would not be used if they were in a situation such as putting out a fire; this is because you will need quick responds and action for that type of situation. Laissez-faire and Bureaucratic Leadership Style Laissez-faire Leadership Style is very different compared to the Bureaucratic Leadership Style this is because the Laissez-faire leader doesn’t get involved in any team discussions; they don’t put in any effort or input with their team. Whereas Bureaucratic leader will take control and puts in the most of the input to make the situation a lot better, both styles require the team to be on the ball all the time, but in different styles. In conclusion this can be an effective style in situations whereas the team is  experienced and hardworking where the leader has trust that they will complete the task on time and in expecting good standards, this is not always effective as the team has no management or help given to team members, so they must know exactly what they are doing. Transactional and Transformational Leadership Style Transactional Leadership Style is very much different to Transformational Leadership Style because a Transformational leader are incredibly encouraging and use words to make the team stronger, Whereas Transactional leader is a very harsh non-team based leader, who uses actions to make the team stronger. Both can be effective but in different situations. In my opinion I do not prefer this type of style as I would not see it as effective as the other styles, but it is very effective in training methods such as the army for an example and other disciplinary public services. It makes the individuals mentally and physically stronger as it encourages the individuals to work for what they want. Which Leadership Style is the most effective? In my personal opinion I think that the Autocratic, Democratic and Transformational Leadership Styles are the most effective this is because all three leadership styles have the most power and best outcomes by all individuals from each team. The Reason I chose Autocratic Leadership Style is because this type of leadership style leaves all public individuals happy and satisfied with the public services effort. All team members are disciplined to maintain that the team’s performance and the quality of team work are done professionally and efficiently. I like that this type of leadership goes by their own turf and create ideas them self that will benefit their team. Their choices are made instantly and the public services officers are deployed as soon as an emergency has been informed by a member of the public. Democratic Leadership is another style I think that is effective in the public services, my reasons for this is because there is one leader leading everyone else and makin g sure their jobs are done properly. They have a lot of time on their hands to come up with decisions and they make sure unskilled and uneducated workers get the chance to do work and get involved with different successful team members. Being a  democratic leader gives you excellent confidents, cooperation and loyalty amongst other workers, this means that each and every team member can trust and follow the leader with confidents and high hopes to get their work done properly and effectively. Another leadership that I personally think that is effective in the public services is the Transformational leadership style. The reason I say this is because the leaders show so much passion and commitment towards the team with great enthusiasm. This encourages the team members to follow the leader and try and aim towards their standard of work. All leaders work hard to motivate the team into working hard to get what they are aimed for. The leaders are more on boards with all team members and they take time into helping all team members, this is so all team members know exactly what they are doing in their tasks. My final decisions on which style is the most effective is the Autocratic Leadership Style as they are more outgo ing and has the most effect on the public and they are extremely hands on and getting their task done as soon as they are set out on the table.